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论文格式
专栏:论文格式
发布日期:2022-09-02
阅读量:912
作者:第2导师
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第2导师提供在线1对1及在线班课的论文写作辅导培训。含1对1论文辅导课、写作 录播课、学术启蒙课等,采用1对1真人在线互动教学形式,利用电脑、手机及ipad等移动终端

      第2导师提供在线1对1及在线班课的论文写作辅导培训。含1对1论文辅导课、写作 录播课、学术启蒙课等,采用1对1真人在线互动教学形式,利用电脑、手机及ipad等移动终端

       

   

Table of Contents(小二号字,加粗,段前段后间距为1行)

Abstract.................................................................................... i(小四号字,加粗)

中文摘要................................................................................ iv(小四号字,加粗)

Abbreviations/List of Tables.............................................. viii(小四号字,加粗)

Chapter One  Introduction-------------------------------------------1(小四号字,加粗)

1.1 A General Statement ----------------------------------------------------------      1(小四号)

1.2 The Need for the Study -------------------------------------------------------     1(小四号)

1.3 The Overall Structure of the Thesis ----------------------------------------     3(小四号)

Chapter Two   Literature Review------------------------------------------       4(小四号字,加粗)

2.1 Definitions of Key Terms-----------------------------------------------------      4(小四号)

2.1.1 Pitch, Length, and Loudness-----------------------------------------------     4(小四号)

2.1.2 Prominence, Stress, and Accent-------------------------------------------      5(小四号)

……

正文每一章中节的序号编制:

节,编写为:1.1, 1.2…,2.1, 2.2…。

小节,编写为:1.1.1,  1.1.2…。

小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…; 另外,正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;不能用①, ②…,因为这是脚注或尾注的专用上标序号;例子的上、下方可以空一行。

论文标题及各章标题用小二号Times New Roman加粗字体,各节标题为四号Times New Roman加粗字体,正文英文为小四号Times New Roman,中文采用小四号宋体。正文中的图、表标题英文采用五号Times News Roman字体,中文采用五号宋体,均居中;表格中文字、图例说明、表注英文采用五号Times News Roman字体,中文采用五号宋体。

所有章节的题目都单独一行,段前短后间距为1行,最后不加任何标点符号。每自然段首行缩进4个英文字符。

 

4.图与表的标示:不论是图还是表格,都以章为单位进行编号,如第一章的第一个表格为Table 1.1, 第二个表格为Table 1.2, 第五章的第一张图为Figure 5.1, 第二张图为Figure 5.2等;但注意:表序、表标题居中置于表的上方,表注置于表的下方,而图序、图标题居中置于图的下方。。表格一律使用三线表。在三线表中可以加辅助线,以适应较复杂表格的需要。

图、表应与说明文字相配合,图形不能跨页显示,表格一般放在同一页内显示。

公式一般居中对齐,公式编号用小括号括起,右对齐,其间不加线条。

 

5.页眉:从目录页到最后页,每页均须有页眉,五号字,居中编排。奇数页为“研究生姓名+论文题目(文字可缩略)”,偶数页为“Yangzhou University: PhD Thesis / MA Thesis / MEd Thesis / MTI Thesis”(请按照自己专业自行选择), 边距1.5cm,五号Times New Roman。页眉距边界2.0cm,页眉的文字内容之下划单横线,线粗0.75磅,线长与页面齐宽。

 

6.页码:一般放在页眉中的外侧。正文页码应从第1页开始,正文前的部分(不包括封面)用罗马字母(Ⅰ,Ⅱ等)编写,封面、学位论文的原创性声明和使用授权书不编入页码。

7.英文注释和参考文献格式要求。注释作为脚注在页下分散著录。参考文献格式见第四部分“文内引用和参考文献”。

8. 如无特殊说明,全文一律采用无网格,行距为固定值22磅,段前段后不空行(特殊情况自行调整)。

 

三、学位论文排版及印刷要求

研究生学位论文一律要求用word软件编排。

1.      论文页面设置

纸张:纸型为A4(21.0 cm×29.7cm)标准。

版芯要求:左边距:26mm,右边距:26mm,上边距:30mm,下边距:25mm。装订线位置:装订线在左侧,装订线距左边距0mm。

页眉距边界:20mm,页脚距边界:17.5mm。

论文装订后成品尺寸为:宽200 mm、长280 mm。

2.      印刷要求

(1)双面打印,胶装。

(2)论文封面采用云彩纸,全校统一格式。博士学位论文的封面为深红色,学术学位硕士学位论文封面为浅蓝色,专业学位硕士论文封面为浅绿色,同等学力封面为浅黄色。

(3)字色浓黑、美观,清晰易读。文中彩色图版较多的,必要时可考虑使用彩色打印。

(4)论文内页用白色无底纹(或水印)的高质量纸打印。

 

四、文内引用和参考文献

文献引用注明出处反映了论文作者对所涉领域的把握和治学的态度。引用的规范按专业方向的不同一般分为MLA(Modern Language Association)和APA(American Psychological Association)两类,区别在于次序、大小写、缩写、标点等细节上。学位论文撰写人应该根据MLA或APA的要求,格式上做到前后一致(详见文献引证)。

引文出处应使用括号夹注的方法(一般不使用脚注或者尾注)。在正文中,括号夹注是引文出现的小句的一部分,因而必须放在句末的标点以内,不得放在句外,但也不得放在引文的引号以内(见图4.1)。


 

图4.1 :括号夹注在正文中的使用方法


4.1
引文出处的标注(语言学、翻译方向请参照APA格式;文学方向请参照MLA格式) 

参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA(the Modern Language Association)或者APA(the American Psychological Association),按一般的学术规范,偏重人文学科论文的采用MLA,偏重自然学科论文的采用APA。就我院学位论文而言,文学方向和翻译学方向的论文采用MLA,其它方向的论文学位采用APA。 申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例,供参考。

4.1.1 正文中的引证

学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处,注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法,一般不使用脚注或者尾注。

4.1.1.1  引用整篇文献的观点

引用整篇文献(即全书或全文)观点时有两种情况,一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现,如:

MLA:

Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor,1990).

APA:

Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).

另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注,如:

MLA:

Taylor (1990) claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.

    而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓,如:

APA:

Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).

如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注,如:

APA:

In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.

    在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏,不得使用汉字,如:

MLA:

                     (Zhu 12)

APA:

                     (Zhang, 2005)

4.1.1.2  引用文献中具体观点或文字

    引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如:

MLA:

Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).

Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203).

APA:

Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988: 11).

Newmark (1988: 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).

    注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法:MLA的规范是(Marcuse 190-203),而 APA的规范是(1988: 39-40)。

    假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,则不需要在括号夹注中重复,如:

MLA:

Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).

APA:

Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988: 11).

4.1.1.3  引用多位作者写作的同一文献

MLA(二至三位作者):

Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).

 (如果有三位作者,在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏,如:(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)。)

MLA(三位以上的作者):

The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).

APA(两位作者):

Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.

(注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。)

APA(三至五位作者)

第一次引用:

According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995).

以后的引用:

To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995: 135).

APA(五位以上的作者):

Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003)

4.1.1.4  引用同样姓氏的不同作者

    假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母,如:

MLA:

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

APA:

Well-established SLA researchers (e.g., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002).

    引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分,如:

MLA:

(S.R. Wang 26)       (J.X. Wang 30)

APA:

(W.Y. Wang, 2003)       (L.F. Wang, 2003: 213)

4.1.1.5  引用团体作者(corporate author)

    引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:

MLA:

It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).

APA:

Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987: 54).

4.1.1.6  引用无作者文献

    引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:

MLA:

An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is a Loser” 100).

APA:

(“Mad Cow,” 2001) 或者 (Sleep Medicine, 2001)

    在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。

    无论是MLA还是APA的规范,独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。

4.1.1.7  引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字

书信和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:

 

MLA:

Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.

APA:

Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization. 

Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).

4.1.1.8  引用同一作者的多篇文献

    按MLA规范,引用同一作者的多篇文献时,在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组,如:

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Hand-Eye Development” 17).

    或者

Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye Development” 17).

    或者

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “Hand-Eye Development” 17).

    按APA规范,同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区,如:

(Zhang, 1997)

(Zhang, 1999)

(Zhang, 2004)

    括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献,文献按发表次序排列,如:

(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004)

    同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母,以示区别(正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母),如:

(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)

4.1.1.9  同时引用不同作者的多篇文献

    括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列(注意分号的使用),如:

MLA:

The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).

APA:

Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994).

    在MLA的规范中,如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长,则不用括号夹注,而使用脚注(见第3.1.1.12节)。

4.1.1.10  引用非直接文献(indirect source)

       论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二级文献secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一级文献primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如:

MLA:

Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).

(注意:“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大写。)

APA: 

Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996: 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.

One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996: 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.

    引用非直接文献以后,在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目(即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”)。

4.1.1.11  引用文学作品和经典文献

    按MLA的规范,有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。

    在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行,如:

In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare’s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).

    这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。(注意标点的使用。)

   在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行,如:

When Homer’s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).

    这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数,使用“line”,以后的引用则不需再说明。例如:

    第一次引用:(lines 5-8)

    以后的引用:(12-13)

    在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候,应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节,如:

One of Kingsolver’s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).

    例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。(注意标点和缩略语的使用。)

    在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候,应标出引文的篇、章、节,如:

Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. 25.21).

    例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第25章第21节。《圣经》各篇的缩写有标准的写法,因而使用时应该注意核对。

4.1.1.12  脚注(footnotes)的使用

    在MLA的规范里,脚注只应在下列两种情况中考虑使用:(1)提供有一定重要性、但写入正文将有损文本条理和逻辑的解释性信息;(2)提供因篇幅过大不宜使用括号夹注注明的文献出处信息。在APA的规范里脚注仅仅在上述第一种情况下可以使用。脚注应该使用阿拉伯数字编号上标,每页重新开始。在下面两个例子中,前一个属第一种情况,后一种属第二种情况:

The commentary of the sixteenth-century literary scholars Bernardo Segni and Lionardo Salviati shows them to be less-than-faithful followers of Aristotle1.

….

Technological advancements have brought advantages as well as unexpected problems2.

 

—————————————

Notes

1 Examples are conveniently available in Weinberg. See Segni, Rettorica et poetica d'Aristotile (Firenze, 1549) 281, qtd. in Weinberg 1:405, and Salviati, Poetica d'Aristotle parafrasata e comnetata, 1586, ms. 2.2.11, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze, 140v, qtd. in Weinberg 1:616-17.

2 For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong, Yang, and Cuneo 80-82; Craner 308-11.

    (第二个例子中“Moulthrop, pars. 39-53”中的“pars”指的是“段落”即paragraph。)

       在脚注中提到的文献同正文中提到的一样,都必须在正文后面的参考文献著录中详细注明。

       脚注使用单倍行距,脚注的字体必须与正文一样。

 

4.2文后参考文献的编排(语言学、翻译方向请参照APA格式;文学方向请参照MLA格式)

参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited,在APA规范里叫做References。本节仅提供部分著录实例,供参考。

参考文献另起一页,只列出文内引用过的文献。标示语“Works Cited”或“References”居中,段前段后1行,用Times New Roman, 小四号字加粗。每一条目顶格, 如某一条目超过一行,从第二行起 “悬挂缩进”2个字符。参考文献中所有英文标点与符号均在英文状态下输入,标点符号后空一格。中文参考文献请在中文状态下输入符号,标点符号后不需要空格。

参考文献条目按作者姓氏(中文姓氏按其汉语拼音)的字母顺序排列。可以使用微软Word软件“表格”功能中的 “排序” 选项给外文和中文所有条目自动排序。

中外文献分别排列,外文在前,中文在后。

同一作者不同出版年的文献按出版时间的先后顺序排列,同一年的出版物按照文献标题首词的顺序排列,在出版年后按顺序加a b c以示区别。

4.2.1  著录已出版的文章

4.2.1.1   一位作者写的文章

MLA:

Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 188-202.

APA:

Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28: 373-380.

       在实际应用中请注意以下几点

1)        在MLA规范里,作者的姓名应完整,应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里,作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。

2)        在MLA规范里,期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。

3)        按MLA的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写,而其余每一个词的首字母,除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号(“to”)以外都必须大写。按APA的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写,而其余每一个词的首字母,除专有名词以外,均不需要大写。

 4.2.1.2 两位作者写的文章

MLA:

Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986): 310-21.

APA:

Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247: 301-305.

 4.2.1.3 两位以上的作者写的文章

MLA:

Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.

APA:

Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63: 27-43.

    无论用MLA 还是APA,第一作者以姓氏开始(加上逗号),继以名字或者名字的首字母,但是从第二作者开始,在MLA规范里以名字开始,继以姓氏,而在APA规范里以姓氏开始(加上逗号),继以名字的首字母。

    如果作者人数超过三人,也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字,加上et al.(拉丁文 “and others”),如:

MLA:

Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.

APA:

Barringer, H. R. et at. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63: 27-43.

4.2.1.4   书评、影评、电视节目评论等(Review)

MLA:

Kidd, John. “The Scandal of Ulysses.” Rev. of Ulysses: The Corrected Text, by Hans Walter Gabler. New York Review of Books 30 June 1988: 32-39.

APA:

Falk, J. S. (1990). [Review of Narratives from the crib]. Language, 66: 558-562.

4.2.1.5   收集在书籍中的文章(Selection from an edited book)

MLA:

Glover, David. “The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 67-83.

APA:

Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions for outcome research. In S. Rose (Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment. White Plains, NY: Longman, 13-42.

       说明:

1)        “Ed.”代表“编”。

2)        在MLA规范中,书的编者的姓和名均用全称,在APA规范里,编者的姓用全称,名用首字母。

4.2.1.5   杂志中的文章

MLA:

Miller, Mark Crispen. “Massa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept. 1981: 29-32.

APA:

Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time. Time, 58-67.

    说明:著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。

4.2.1.6   报纸中的文章

MLA:

“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B.

APA:

Freudenheim, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and helath. New York Times, D2.

4.2.1.7   百科全书中的文章(An entry in an encyclopedia)

MLA:

Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.

APA:

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

4.2.1.8   政府文件(A government publication)

MLA:

United States. Natl. Council on Disability. Promises to Keep: A Decade of Federal Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington: GPO, 2000.

APA:

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious  mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC:  U.S. Government Printing Office.

4.2.2  著录已出版的书籍

4.2.2.1 一位作者写的书籍

MLA:

Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.

APA:

Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessn

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